§ Bibliography

Bibliography

Bibliography

Legislation and Treaties

California Business and Professions Code (United States).
Canada Act 1982 (UK) 1982, c 11.
Canadian Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms.
Canadian Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c.46.
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 1986 (United States).
Computer Misuse Act 1990 (United Kingdom).
Computer Misuse and Cybersecurity Act Ch 50A (Rev Ed 2007) (Singapore).
Convention to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 999 UNTS 302 (1967).
Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, 22296 UNTS 167 (2001).
Criminal Code Act 1995 (Australia).
Espionage Act (1917) (United States).
German Criminal Code (1914).
Information and Electronic Transaction Law (2008) (Indonesia).
Model Criminal Code (January 2001) (Australia).
Penal Law (1977) (Israel).
Stored Communications Act (1986) (United States).
Uniform Code of Military (United States).
Youth Criminal Justice Act S.C. 2002, c. 1 (Canada).

Case Law

1-800 Contacts v. WhenU.com (2005) 414 F.3d 400.
1-800 Solutions v. Zone Labs.
Alberta (Education) v Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright) [2012] 2 SCR 345.
Anat Kamm v State of Israel [2012] Case 17959-01-10 (Israel Supreme Court).
Auernheimer v. United States of America, No. 13-1816 (United States, Third US Circuit Court of Appeals).
Ashdown v Telegraph Group Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 1142.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd (2001) 185 ALR 1.
Bank Julius Baer & Co. Ltd. v. WikiLeaks (2008) No. C 08-00824 JSW (February 29, 2008) (US District Court for the Northern District of California); see https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/baer_v_wikileaks/wikileaks102.pdf.
Cadbury Schweppes v FBI Foods [1999] 1 SCR 142.
Campbell v Acuff-Rose Music (1994) 510 U.S. 569.
Cassava (CasinoOnNet) v. Sunbelt Software.
CCH Canadian Ltd. v Law Society of Upper Canada [2004] 1 SCR.
Claria (Gator) v Internet Advertising Bureau.
Collier Constructions Pty Ltd v Foskett Pty Ltd (1991) 20 IPR 666.
Commonwealth v John Fairfax (1980) 147 CLR 39.
Corrs Pavey v Collector of Customs [1987] FCA 26.
Dagenais v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp. [1994] 3 S.C.R. 835.
E360 Insight and David Linhardt v. The Spamhaus Project (2007) 500 F. 3d 594 (United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit).
E360 Insight, LLC et al v. The Spamhaus Project (2006) Case No. 06 C 3958 (United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois, September 13, 2006). Access to default judgment at http://www.spamhaus.org/archive/ legal/Kocoras_order_to_Spamhaus.pdf.
Edmonton Journal v. Alberta (A.G.) [1989] 2 S.C.R. (Canada).
Hyde Park Residence v Yelland, [2001] Ch. 143.
IceTV Limited v Nine Network Australia Pty Limited [2009] HCA 14.
*IceTV Limited v Nine Network Australia Pty Limited *[2008] HCATrans 358.
Imutran Ltd v Uncages Campaigns Ltd, [2001] CP Rep. 28.
In re § 2703(d) Order (2013) No. 11-5151 (US Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit) (January 25 2013). See also Justia US Law,* In re 2703(d) Application, No. 11-5151* (Fourth Cir. 2013), available at https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ ca4/11-5151/11-5151-2013-01-25.html. Legal documents also available at, Electronic Privacy Information Center,* In re Twitter Order Pursuant to 2703(d)*, available at https://www. epic.org/amicus/twitter/wikileaks/.
In re § 2703(d) Order (2011) 830 F. Supp. 2d 114 (US District Court, Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division) (November 10, 2011).
Irwin Toy v. Quebec [1989] 1 S.C.R. 927 (Canada).
James Raj Arokiasamy v Public Prosecutor [2014] 2 SLR 307 (“James Raj”) (Singapore, States Courts).
Lauri Love v. the Government of the United States of America [2018] EWHC 172, see https://freelauri.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/lauri-love vusa.pdf.
Libertad.de (2006) File reference 1 Ss 319/05, March 22, 2006 (Germany, Higher Regional Court, Frankfurt am Main).
Lion Laboratories v Evans, [1985] QB 526.
McAuliffe v The Queen [1995] 183 CLR 108.
*McCabe v British American Tobacco Services Limited *[2002] VSC 73.
Microsoft Corporation v. John Does 1027 (Feb. 22, 2010) United States District Court for the State of Victoria, Civil Action 1:10 cv 156 (LMB/JFA).
Microsoft Corporation v. Newport Internet Marketing Corporation Does 2-20 (2005) No. 03-2-12648-9 SEA (United States, King County Superior Court Seattle, Washington).
Lavigne v. Ontario Public Service Employees Union [1991] 2 S.C.R. 211.
Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v. Canada (Minister of Justice) [2000] 2 S.C.R. 1120.
Paracha v. Obama (2011) No. 04-2022 (PLF) (April 29, 2011) (US District Court for the District of Columbia). Case: https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar_case?case=7165402973414950017&q=Paracha+wikileaks&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_vis=1#r[1]. Petitioner’s (Paracha’s) emergency application: https://fas.org/sgp/jud/par/042711-access.pdf. Respondents’ (Obama et al.’s) response: https://fas.org/sgp/jud/par/061511-response376.pdf.
Regan Gerard Gilmour v Director of Public Prosecutions (Commonwealth) [1996] NSWSC 55.
R v. Caffrey (2006).
R v Christopher Weatherhead, Ashley Rhodes, Peter Gibson, and Jake Birchall (January 24, 2013) (United Kingdom, Southwark Crown Court in London).
R v Cleary, Davis, Al-Bassam and Ackroyd (May 16 and 24, 2013) (United Kingdom Southwark Crown Court in London).
R v Glen Steven Mangham (February 17, 2012) (United Kingdom, Southwark Crown Court in London).
R v Glen Steven Mangham Court of Appeal [2012] EWCA Crim 973 (April 4, 2012) (England and Wales Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)), see http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2012/973.html.
R v. Keegstra [1990] 3 S.C.R. 697.
R v National Post [2010] 1 SCR 477.
R v. Sharpe [2001] 1 S.C.R. 45.
R v Stevens [1999] NSWCCA 69.
R v Walker [2008] NZHC 1114.
R v. Zundel [1992] 2 S.C.R. 731.
Rocket v. Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario [1990] 2 S.C.R. 232 (Canada).
R.W.D.S.U. v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd. [1986] 2. S.C.R. 573.
Salter v DPP [2008] NSWSC 1325.
Sierra Corporate Design Inc. v. David Ritz (2007) File No. op-05-C-01660 (United States, District Court, County of Cass, State of North Dakota). See www.spamsuite.com.com/node/351.
Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v Bell Canada [2012] 2 SCR 326.
Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corporation (2000) 203 F. 3d 596, Ninth Circuit.
Soyke v R [2016] NSWCCA 112 (June 10, 2016).
Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp. (2002) 306 F. 3d 17, Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
State of Israel v. Anat Kamm (2010) Case 17959-01-10 (Israel, District Court of Tel Aviv Jaffa). See http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails. aspx?ID=275114.
Théberge v. Galerie d’Art du Petit Champlain [2002] 2 S.C.R. 336.
U.F.C.W., Local 1518 v. Kmart Canada Ltd. [1999] 2 S.C.R. 1083.
United States of America v. Aaron Swartz, 1:11-cr-10260 (US District Court for the District of Massachusetts).
United States of America v. Bradley Manning E., PFC (2013) (United States, Army Military District of Washington).
United States of America v. Daniel Spitler and Andrew Alan Escher Auernheimer, Mag. No. 11-4022 (CCC) (United States, District of New Jersey). Criminal Complaint, available at http://www.justice.gov/usao/nj/Press/files/pdffiles/2011/Spitler,%20Daniel%20et%20al.%20Complaint.pdf.
United States of America v. Dennis Collins, et al (2011), No. CR 11-00471 DLJ (United States District Court, Northern District of California, San Jose Division). For indictment, see http://ia600502.us.archive.org/24/items/gov.uscourts.cand.242989/gov.uscourts.cand.242989.1.0.pdf.
United States of America v. Ford, 765 F.2d 1088, 1090 (11th Cir.1985).
United States of America v. Gorshkov (2001) WL 1024026 (United States, Western District Washington).
United States of America v. Jarrett (2003) 338 F. 3d 339, No. 02-4953 (July 29, 2003) (United States, Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit). See http://scholar. google.com.au/scholar_case?case=7704360326371177621.
United States of America v. Jeremy Hammond (2013) 12 Cr. 185 (LAP) (United States District Court of Southern District of New York). Case, available at http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/May13/HammondJeremyPleaPR/U.S.%20v.%20Jeremy%20Hammond%20S2%20Information.pdf. Free Jeremy (website), legal documents: https://freejeremy.net/category/legal/ including Sentencing Letter by Jeremy Hammond.
United States of America v Kevin George Poe (2011) CR 11 01166 (United States, District Court for the Central District of California).
United States of America v. Kretsinger (2:11-cr-00848) (US Central District of California (Los Angeles)).
United States of America v. Lauri Love (US District Court for the District of New Jersey), see https://www.scribd.com/doc/179595899/Love-Lauri-Indictment.
United States of America v. Raynaldo Rivera, CR No. 12-798-JAK (US District Court for the Central District of California). Plea agreement: https://freeanons.org/wp-content/uploads/courtdocuments/Raynaldo-Rivera.pdf.
United States of America v. Steiger (2003) 318 F. 3d 1039, Nos. 01-15788, 01-16100 and 01-16269 (January 14, 2003) (United States, Court of Appeals 11th Circuit). See http://scholar.google.com.au/scholar_case?case= 5611821785646747519.
*Zitierung: BVerfG, 1 BvR 370/07 vom 27.2.2008, Absatz-Nr. *(1–333), see http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/rs20080227_1bvr037007.html.

Books

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Athanasopoulos, E., Anagnostakis, K., and Markatos, E. “Misusing Unstructured P2P Systems to Perform DoS attacks: The Network that Never Forgets” Lecture Notes in Computer Science for Applied Cryptography and Network Security. Springer Berlin, 2006. Available at http://www.springerlink.com/content/xk82663475474857/.
Atkin, T. et al.* Information Security Management Handbook*. CRC Press, 2006.
Barlow, J. P. “Crime and Puzzlement,” Appendix 1 in Ludlow, P. (ed.), High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace. MIT Press, 1996.
Barton, P., and Yegneswaran, V. “An Inside Look at Botnets.” In Somesh, J., Maughan, D., Song, D., and Wang, C. (eds.), Malware Detection. New York: Springer, 2007.
Bentham, J. Panopticon, in Miran Bozovic (ed.), The Panopticon Writings. London: Verso, 1995), 29-95.
Blount, S. Electronic Contracts: Principles for the Common Law. Australia: Reed International Books, 2009.
Bowrey, K. Law & Internet Cultures. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Brenner, S. W. Law in an Era of “Smart” Technology. Oxford University Press, 2007.
Brown, A. J. Whistleblowing in the Australian Public Sector: Enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations. ANU Press, Canberra. Available at http://epress.anu.edu.au/anzsog/ whistleblowing/mobile_devices/index.html, accessed February 10, 2014.
Chan, J., Goggin, G., and Bruce, J. “Internet Technologies and Criminal Justice.” In Jewkes, Y., and Yar, M., Handbook of Internet Crime. Willan Publishing, 2010.
Chiesa, R., Ducci, S., and Ciappi, S.* Profiling Hackers: The Science of Criminal Profiling as Applied to the World of Hacking*. UNICRI and CRC Press, 2009.
Clayton, R. “Failures in a Hybrid Content Blocking System.” In Danezis, G., and Martin, D. (eds.), Privacy Enhancing Technologies. PET 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3856. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/11767831_6.
Cohen, F. A Short Course on Computer Viruses, 2nd ed. Wiley, 1994.
Corones, S., and Clarke, P. Consumer Protection and Product Liability Law, 3rd ed. Thomson Lawbook, 2008.
Curcereau, D. Aspects of Regulating Freedom of Expression on the Internet. Intersentia, 2006.
Dreyfus, S., and Assange, J. Underground. Random House Australia, 2011.
Dunham, K., and Melnick, J. Malicious Bots: An Inside Look into the CyberCriminal Underground of the Internet. CRC Press, 2009.
Fitzgerald, B., Fitzgerald, A., Middleton, G., Lim, Y., and Beale, T. Internet and E-Commerce Law: Technology, Law and Policy. Thomson 2007.
Fleming, J. The Law of Torts, 8th ed. The Law Book Company, 1992.
Garfinkel, S., and Spafford, G. Practical UNIX & Internet Security, 2nd ed. California: O’Reilly, 1996.
Geist, M. (ed.). The Copyright Pentalogy: How the Supreme Court of Canada Shook the Foundations of Canadian Copyright Law. Ottawa: Ottawa University Press, 2013.
Godwin, M. “Some ‘Property’ Problems in a Computer Crime Prosecution.” In Ludlow, P. (ed.), High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace. MIT Press, 1996.
Grabosky, P. Electronic Crime. Prentice Hall, 2007.
Harris, S., Harper, A., Eagle, C., and Ness, J. Grey Hat Hacking: The Ethical Hacker’s Handbook. McGraw Hill, 2008.
Himanen, P. The Hacker Ethic: and the Spirit of the Information Age. Random House, 2001.
Kerr, I., and Gilbert, D. “The Role of ISPs in the Investigation of Cybercrime.” In MENDINA, T., and BRITZ, J. (eds.), Information Ethics in an Electronic Age: Current Issues in Africa and the World. McFarland Press, 2004.
Levy, S. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. New York: Doubleday, 1984.
Levy, A. Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government—Saving Privacy in the Digital Age. Viking, 2001.
Libicki, M. Conquest in Cyberspace: National Security and Information Warfare. Cambridge, 2007.
Li, Z., Liao, Q., and Striegel, A. Botnet Economics: Uncertainty Matters. Springer, 2009.
Ludwig, M. The Giant Black Book of Computer Viruses, 2nd ed. American Eagle, 1998.
Lynch, A., and Williams, G. What Price Security? UNSW Press, 2006.
Malcom, J. Multi-Stakeholder Governance and the Internet Governance Forum. Termium Press, 2008.
Matswshyn, A. (ed.). Harboring Data: Information Security, Law, and the Corporation. Stanford University Press, 2009.
Maurushat, A. “Australia.”* In Freedom on the Internet: A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital Media,* Cook S. (ed.). New York: Freedom House, 2011.
Disclosure of Security Vulnerabilities. Springer, 2013.
Moon, R. The Constitutional Protection of Freedom of Expression. University of Toronto Press, 2000.
Mueller, M. Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002.
Oram, A. (ed.). Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies. O’Reilly Media: Sebastopol, 2001.
Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2009.
Pfleeger, C., and Pfleeger, S.* Security in Computing*, 4th ed. Prentice Hall, 2006.
Phair, N. Cybercrime: The Reality of the Threat. Privately published, 2007.
Poulsen, K. Kingpin: The True Story of Max Butler, the Master Hacker Who Ran a Billion Dollar Cyber Crime Network. Hachette, 2011.
Provos, N., and Holz, T. Virtual Honeypots: From Botnet Tracking to Intrusion Detection. Safari, 2008.
Raymond, E. The Cathedral & the Bizaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source By an Accidental Revolutionary. O’Reilly Media, 2001.
Reyes, A., O’Shea, K., Steele, J., Hansen, J., Jean, B., and Ralph, T. Cyber Crime Investigations: Bridging the Gaps Between Security Professionals, Law Enforcement, and Prosecutors. Syngress, 2007.
Rice, D. Geekonomics: The Real Cost of Insecure Software. Addison-Wesley, 2008.
Ross, S. UNIX System Security Tools. McGraw-Hill, 1999.
Saltzer, J., Reed, D., and Clark, D. “End-to-End Arguments in System Design.” In Partridge, C. (ed.), Innovations in Internetworking. Artech House, 1988.
Samuel, A. “Hacktivism and the Future of Political Participation.” PhD thesis, Harvard, 2004.
Schiller, C., Binkley, J., Harley, D., Evron, G., Bradley, T., Willems, C., and Cross, M., Botnets: The Killer Web App. Syngress, 2007.
Schneier, B. Secrets and Lies. Robert Ipsen, 2000.
Singh, S. The Code Book: The Evolution of Secrecy from Mary, Queen of Scots to Quantum Cryptopgraphy. Doubleday, 1999.
Smith, R., Grabosky, P., and Urbas, G. Cyber Criminals on Trial. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Taylor, P. “Hacktivism: In Search of Lost Ethics?” In Crime and the Internet. London & New York: Routledge.
Taylor, R., Caeti, T., Loper, K., Fritsch, E., and J. R. Liederbach. Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism. Pearson, United Kingdom, 2005.
Thoreau, H. D. Resistance to Civil Government (original title, 1849; also known as Civil Disobedience: On the Duty of Civil Disobedience). In N. Rosenblum (Ed.), Thoreau: Political Writings(Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, pp. 1-22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Yar, M. “The Private Policing of Internet Crime.” In Jewkes, Y., and Yar, M. (eds.). Handbook of Internet Crime. Willan Publishing, 2010. “Public Perception and Public Opinion about Internet Crime.” In Jewkes, Y., and Yar, M., Handbook of Internet Crime. Willan Publishing, 2010), 104-120.
Yegneswaran, V., and Barford, P. “An Inside Look at Botnets.” In Christodorescu, M., Jha, S., Maughan, D., Song, D., and Wang, C. (eds.), Advances in Information Security: Malware Detection. Springer, 2007.

Journal Articles

Bambauer, D., and Day, O., “The Hacker Aegis,” 60 Emory Law Journal (2011).
Bond, C., “There’s Nothing Worse Than a Muddle in all the World: Copyright Complexity and Law Reform in Australia,” 34 UNSWLJ 1145 (2011). “Commonwealth v Wikileaks: Fairfax Revisisted,” 18 M&ALR 310 (2013).
Brenner, S. W., Carrier, B., and Henninger, J., “The Trojan Horse Defense in Cybercrime Cases,” 21 Santa Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal (2004).
Broadhurst, R., “Developments in the Global Law Enforcement of Cyber-Crime,” 29(3) Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 408, 418 (2006).
Chandler, J., “Security in Cyberspace: Combating Distributed Denial of Service Attacks,” 1 University of Ottawa Law & Technology Journal 231 (2003–2004). “Liability for Botnet Attacks,” Canadian Journal of Law and Technology (2006).
Chandler, J., “Technological Self-Help and Equality in Cyberspace,” 55 *McGill Law Journal *(2010).
Clarke, R., “Information Technology and Dataveillance,” 31(5) Communications of the ACM 499 (1988).
Clarke, R., and Maurushat, A., “Who Will Bear the Cost of Insecure Devices,” 18 Journal of Law, Information and Science 8 (2007). “The Feasibility of Consumer Device Security,”* UNSW Law Review Series* 5 (2009).
Cohen, F., “Computer Viruses: Theory and Experiments,” 6(1) Computers & Security (1987).
Colangelo, A., and Maurushat, A., “Exploring the Limits of Computer Code as a Protected Form of Expression: A Suggested Approach to Encryption, Computer Viruses and Technological Protection Measures,” 1 McGill Law Journal 51(2006).
Davis, N., “Presumed Assent: The Judicial Acceptance of Clickwrap,”22 Berkeley Technology Law Journal 577 (2007).
Demetriou, C., and Silke, A., “A Criminological Internet ‘sting’: Experimental Evidence of Illegal and Deviant Visits to a Website Trap,” 43 British Journal of Criminology 213 (2003).
De Villiers, M., “Virus Ex Machine Res Ipsa Loquitor,” Stanford Technology Law Review 1 (2003). “Free Radicals in Cyberspace: Complex Liability Issues in Information Warfare,” 4 Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property 1 (2005). “Distributed Denial of Service: Law, Technology & Policy,” 39(3) World Jurist Law/Technology Journal (2006). “Reasonable Foreseeability in Information Security Law: A Forensic Analysis” 30 Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal (2008).
Dupont, B., “Bots, Cops, and Corporations: On the Limits of Enforcement and the Promise of Polycentric Reg ulation a s a Way to Control Large - Scale Cybercrime,”67 International Centre for Comparative Criminology 103 (2017).
Dworkin, T. M., and Baucas, M., “Internal vs. External Whistleblowers: A Comparison of Whistleblowing Processes,” 17(12) Journal of Business Ethics (1998).
Edwards, L. “Dawn of the death of Distributed Denial of Service: How to Kill Zombies,” 24(1) Cardozo Journal of Arts and Entertainment Law 23 (2006).
Epstein, R., “The Theory and Practice of Self-Help,” 1(1) Journal of Law, Economics and Policy 1 (2005).
Evron, G., “Battling Botnets and Online Mobs: Estonia’s Defense Efforts During the Internet War,” 9(1) Georgetown Journal of International Affairs (2008).
Fitri, N., “Democracy Discourses Through the Internet Communication: Understanding the Hacktivism for the Global Changing,” 1 Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies 2 (2011).
Freedman, J., “Protecting State Secrets as Intellectual Property: A Strategy for Prosecuting WikiLeaks,” 48(1) Stanford Journal of International Law 185 (2012).
Geist, M., “Is There a There There: Toward Greater Certain for Internet Jurisdiction,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal (Fall 2001).
Gervais, D., and Maurushat, A., “Fragmented Copyright, Fragmented Management: Proposals to Defrag Copyright Management,” 2(1) Canadian Journal of Law and Technology (2003).
Gilbert, D., and Kerr, I., “The Medium and the Message: Personal Privacy and the Forced Marriage of Police and Telecommunications Providers,” 51(4) Criminal Law Quarterly (2006).
Gobert, J., and Punch, M., “Whistleblowers, the Public Interest, and the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998,” 63(1) The Modern Law Review (2000).
Guzman, L., “Unleashing a Cure for the Botnet Zombie Plague,” 59(2) Catholic University Law Review 527 (2010).
Halberstam, M., “Hacking Back: Reevaluating the Legality of Retaliatory Cyberattacks,” 46 George Washington International Law Review 199 (2013).
Hardy, K., “Operation Titstorm: Hacktivism or Terrorist Act?,” 16(1) *University of New South Wales Law Journal *(2010).
Hutchinson, W., and Warren, M., “Attitudes of Australian Information System Managers Against Online Attackers,” 9(3) Information Management & Computer Security 106 (2001).
Jenkins, J. “Copyright Law and Political Theology: Censorship and the Forebear’s Desire,” 25(1) Law and Literature 165 (2013).
Johnston, L., “What is Vigilantism?,” 26(2) British Journal of Criminology (1996).
Jordan, T., “Mapping Hacktivism,” 4 Computer Fraud and Security (2001).
Kallberg, J., “A Right to Cybercounter Strikes: The Risks of Legalizing Hack Backs,” 17(1)* IT Professional* 30 (2015).
Katyal, N., “Criminal Law in Cyberspace,” 149 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1004 (2001).
Kerr, O., “Cybercrime’s Scope: Interpreting ‘Access’ and ‘Authorization’ in Computer Misuse Statutes,” 78(53) New York University Law Review (2003). “Virtual Crime, Virtual Deterrence: A Skeptical View of Self-Help, Architecture, and Civil Liability,” 1 Journal of Law, Economics and Policy 197 (2005).
Kesan, J. P., and Hayes, C. M., “Mitigative Counterstriking: Self-Defense and Deterrence in Cyberspace,” 25 Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 482 (2012).
Lessig, L., “Reading the Constitution in Cyberspace,” 45 Emory Law Journal 1 (1997). “The Law of the Horse: What Cyberlaw Might Teach,” 113 Harvard Law Review 501 (1999).
Lin, P., “Anatomy of the Mega-D Takedown,” 12 Network Security 4–7 (December 2009).
Maurushat, A., “Hong Kong Anti-Terrorism Ordinance and the Surveillance Society: Privacy and Free Expression Implications,” 1(12/3) Asia Pacific Media Educator (2002). , “Data Breach Notification Law Across the World from California to Australia,”* Privacy Law and Business International* (April 2009). “Australia’s Accession to the Cybercrime Convention: Is the Convention Still Relevant in the Era of Obfuscation Crime Tools,” 16(1) University of New South Wales Law Journal (2010). “Forced Transparency: Should We Keep Secrets in Times of Weak Law, and Should the Law do More?,” 17(2) Media and Arts Law Review 239 (2012).
Maurushat, A., and Watt, R., “Australia’s Internet Filtering Proposal in the International Context,” 12(2) Internet Law Bulletin 18 (2009).
Messerschmidt, J. E., “Hackback: Permitting Retaliatory Hacking by Non-State Actors as Proportionate Countermeasures to Transboundary Cyberharm,” 52 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law (2013).
Ohm, P., “The Rise and Fall of Invasive ISP Surveillance,” University of Illinois Law Review (2008), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1261344 (last accessed April 15, 2009).
Oleson, K., and Darley, J., “Community Perceptions of Allowable Counterforce in Self-Defense and Defense of Property,” 23(6) Law and Human Behavior (1999).
Posner, R., “Killing or Wounding to Protect a Property Interest,” 14(1) Journal of Law and Economics 201 (1971).
Rychlicki, T., “Legal Issues of Criminal Acts Committed Via Botnets,” 12(5) Computer and Telecommunications Law Review 163 (2006).
Rose, C., and Gordon, J., “Internet Security and the Tragedy of the Commons,” 1 Journal of Business and Economics Research 11 (2003).
Salgado, R., “The Legal Ramifications of Operating a Honeypot,” 1 IEEE Magazine Security and Privacy (2005).
Shock, J., and Hupp, J., “The ‘Worm’ Programs—Early Experience with a Distributed Computation,” 25(3) Communications of the ACM (1982).
Smith, B., “Hacking, Poaching and Counterattacking: Digital Counterstrikes and the Contours of Self-Help,” 1(1) Journal of Law, Economics and Policy 185 (2005).
Smith, H., “Self-help and the Nature of Property,” 1(1) Journal of Law, Economics and Policy 69 (2005).
Soghoian, Christopher, “Caught in the Cloud: Privacy, Encryption, and Government Back Doors in the Web 2.0 Era,” 8* Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law*. 359 (August 17, 2009); Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2009-07, 361, available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=1421553.
Solove, D., “Privacy and Power: Computer Databases and Metaphors for Information Privacy,” 53 Stanford Law Review 1393 (2001).
Steel, A., “The Meaning of Dishonesty in Theft,” 38(2) Common Law World Review (2009).
Tamanaha, B., “Socio-Legal Positivism and a General Jurisprudence,” 21(1) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 21 (2001).
Thomas, J., “Ethics of Hacktivism,” SANS Institute, 2000-2002, available at http://www.dvara.net/hk/Julie_Thomas_GSEC.pdf.
Thomas, T. L.,“The Internet in China: Civilian and Military Uses,” (2001) 7 Information & Security: An International Journal, 159–173, available at http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/china-internet.htm.
Trottier, D., “Digital Vigilantism as Weaponisation of Visibility” 30(1) Philosophy & Technology 55 (2016).
US-Cert (United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team), Quarterly Trends and Analysis Report 2(4) (2007).
Walden, I., and Flanagan, A., “Honeypots: A Sticky Legal Landscape?,” 29 Rutgers Communications and Technology Law 315 (2003).
Warren, S., and Brandeis, L., “The Right to Privacy,” 4 Harvard Law Review 193 (1890).
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Zand, J., “Indictment Alleges DDoS Attack on Gene Simmons’ Web Site by Anonymous Supporter,”* Justia Law Blog*, December 14, 2011, available at http://techlaw.justia.com/2011/12/14/indictment-allegesddos-attack-on-gene-simmons-web-site/.
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Chatham House Rules Conference Presentations
Chatham House Organisation, available at http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/chathamhouserule/ (last accessed February 7, 2011).
Chatham House Rules, “Internet Filtering and Censorship Proposal Forum,” November 2008, Cyberspace Law and Policy Centre, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Internet Security Operations and Intelligence 5 (ISOI5), Tallin, Estonia, 2008, Chatham House Rules.
Forensics training by Nick Klein, forensics expert and former member of the Australian Federal Police, “Cybercrime, Cyber Security and Digital Law Enforcement” Sydney, March 2010.

Technical/Industry/Academic Reports

Aycock, J., and Maurushat, A., “‘Good’ Worms and Human Rights” (2006), Technical Report 2006-846-39, Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary.
Balatazar, J., Costoya, J., and Flores, R., “Infiltrating WALEDAC Botnet’s Covert Operations” (2009), TREND MICRO.
Centre For Homeland Security, George Washington University,* Into the Grey Zone: The Private Sector and Active Defense Against Cyber Threats Report 2016*, available at https://cchs.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2371/f/down loads/CCHS-ActiveDefenseReportFINAL.pdf.
Denning, D., “Activism, Hacktivism, and Cyberterrorism: The Internet as a Tool for Influencing Foreign Policy” (2001), available at http://www. nautilus.org/infor-policy/workshop/papers/denning.html.
Hafele, D., “Three Different Shades of Ethical Hacking: Black, White and Grey” (February 23, 2004), available at http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/hackers/shades-ethical-hacking-black-whitegrey_1390.
Hancock-White, K., “Ethical Hacking,” (2008) available at casper182.atspace.com/HancockWhite_ethics_paper.doc.
Imperva, “Hacker Intelligence Initiative” (October 2011), Monthly Trend Report #5.
Kaspersky, E., “Cruncher—the First Beneficial Virus?, ” Virus Bulletin (1993). Opennet Initiative, Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005: A Country Study, available at https://opennet.net/studies/china.
Owens, W., Dam, K., and Lin, H. (eds.), Technology, Policy, Law and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and use of Cyberattack Capabilities (National Academic Press, 2009), available at https://www.nap.edu/read/12651/ chapter/1.
Perriot, F., and Knowles, D., “W32.Welchia.Worm,” Symantec Security Center (August 11, 2017), available at https://www.symantec.com/security-center/writeup/2003-081815-2308-99.
Panda Security, Quarterly Report PandaLabs (January–March 2010), available at http://www.pandasecurity.om/img/enc/Quarterly_Report_Pandalabs_Q1_2010.pdf (last accessed June 24, 2010).
Security Spotlight, “Even Governments are not Immune to Hacktivism” (February 8, 2010).
Seltzer, W., “Infrastructures of Censorship and Lessons from Copyright Resistance” (2011), USENIX, available at https://wendy.seltzer.org/pubs/seltzer-censorship.pdf.
Solomon, A., and Evron, G., “The World of Botnets,” Virus Bulletin. (September 2008).
Symantec, Report on the Underground Economy (November 2008), available at http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-white paper_underground_economy_report_11-2008-14525717.en-us.pdf (last accessed June 28, 2010).
TrustDefender, “In-Depth Analysis of Mebroot/Torpig Trojan Available,” available at http://www.trustdefender.com/trustdefender-labs-blog-indepth-analysis-of-mebroot-torpig-trojan-available.html (last accessed January 31, 2011).
Wheeler, D., and Larsen, G., “Techniques for Cyber Attack Attribution” (2003), Institute for Defense Analysis, available at https://www.research gate.net/publication/235170094_Techniques_for_Cyber_Attack_Attribution.
United States Department Of Justice, Criminal Division, Computer Crime & Intellectual Property Section, Cybersecurity Unit, “A Framework for a Vulnerability Disclosure Program for Online Systems” (July 2017), available at https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ccips/page/file/983996/download.

Briefing Papers/Working Papers/White Papers/Theses/Research Projects

Barroso, D., “Botnets—The Silent Threat” (2007), European Union Agency for Network and Information Security, available at https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/archive/botnets-2013-the-silent-threat (last accessed January 29, 2010).
Brunea, G., “DNS Sinkhole” (August 7, 2010), SANS Institute InforSec Reading Room, 2, available at http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/dns/dns-sinkhole_33523 (last accessed February 20, 2011).
Cate, F., “Information Security Breaches: Looking Back & Thinking Ahead,” Centre for Information Policy Leadership (2008), available at https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1235&context=facpub (last accessed November 29, 2018).
Clayton, R., “Complexities in Criminalising Denial of Service Attacks” written for the Legal Subgroup of the Internet Crime Forum (February 2006), available at www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rnc1/complexity.pdf.
Clayton, R., “Missing the Wood for the Trees,” comments on ICANN fastflux-report (February 2009), available at http://forum.icann.org/lists/fast-flux-initial-report/msg00022.html (last accessed February 7, 2011).
Connelly, C., Maurushat, A., Vaile, D., and Van Dijk, P., “Cyber-Security Education Research Project” (2010).
Honeypot Project, “Know Your Enemy” series of whitepapers, available at http://old.honeynet.org/papers/index.html (last accessed November 12, 2010).
Krogoth, “Botnet Construction, Control and Concealment: Looking into the Current Technology and Analysing Tendencies and Future Trends” (2008), available at http://www.shadowserver.org/wiki/uploads/Information/thesis_botnet_krogoth_2008_final.pdf (last accessed July 5 2010).
Lessig, L., and Resnick, P., “The Architectures of Mandated Access Controls,” available at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/works/lessig/Tprc98_d.pdf.
Lovet, Guillaume, “Fighting Cybercrime: Technical, Juridical and Ethical Challenges,” paper presented at the Virus Bulletin Conference 2009, Geneva, September 23, 2009.
Lumby, C, Green, L., and Hartley, J., “Untangling the Net: The Scope of Content Captured by Mandatory Internet Filtering” (December 2009), report written for Google Australia, available at http://www.saferinter netgroup.org/pdfs/lumby.pdf (last accessed January 3, 2011).
Martin, D. (eds.), Privacy Enhancing Technologies (June 30 2005). Vol. 3856 of Lecture Notes of Computer Science. Springer 2005. Available at https:// link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-3-540-34746-0%2F1.pdf.
Maurushat, A. “Freedom House Report on Internet Freedom: Australia” (2011).
Nazario, J, “Politically Motivated Denial of Service Attacks,” The Virtual Battlefield: Perspectives on Cyber Warefare, Arbor Networks, available at http://www.ccdcoe.org/publications/virtualbattlefield/12_NAZARIO%20Politically%20Motivated%20DDoS.pdf.
Rudesill, D. S., Caverlee, J., and Sui, D., “The Deep Web and the Darknet: A Look Inside the Internet’s Massive Black Box” (October 20, 2015), Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, STIP 03, October 2015; Ohio State Public Law Working Paper No. 314, 6, available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2676615 (last accessed November 2018).
Samuelson, P., ‘Copyright, Commodification, and Censorship: Past as Prologue—But to What Future?,’ Conference on the Commodification of Information, Haifa University, 1999, available at http://www.people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~pam/papers/haifa_priv_cens.pdf.
Trend Micro, “Zeus: A Persistent Criminal Enterprise” (March 2010), available at https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/securityintelligence/white-papers/wp_zeus-persistent-criminal-enterprise.pdf (last accessed December 2010).
Van Eeten, M., Bauer, J., Asghari, H., and Tabatabaie, S., “The Role of Internet Service Providers in Botnet Mitigation: An Empirical Analysis Based on Spam Data” (2010) OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 2010/5, OECD Publishing.
Vaughn, Z., “Hacktivism: Civil Rights Activism in the Digital Age” (2005). University of Texas at Tyler. Available at http://zaxxon.net/eportfolio/projects/philo/HacktivismResearch_ZV.pdf [Last accessed 20 April 2011].
Wray, S., “Electronic Civil Disobedience and the World Wide Web of Hacktivism: A Mapping of Extraparliamentarian Direct Action Net Politics” (November 1998), available at http://nknu.pbworks.com/f/netaktivizam.pdf.
Yip, M., and Webber, C., “Hacktivism: a theoretical and empirical exploration of China’s cyber warriors” paper presented at ACM WebSci ’11, Third International Conference on Web Science, Koblenz, Germany, June 14–17, 2011, available at https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2527031.2527053.
Zenz, K., “Cyber Crime Within the Russian Federation,” presentation at AusCERT 2008.
Zhao, X., Howe, D., Nissenbaum, H., and Mazeres, D., “Phantom Access Agent: a Client-Side Approach to Personal Information Control” (December 2004), available at https://nissenbaum.tech.cornell.edu/papers/paa.pdf.

Media Releases

Conroy, Stephen (Senator), “Budget provides policing for Internet safety” (May 13, 2008), available at http://www.minister.dbcde.gov.au/media/media_releases/2008/033.
Di Jiang Innovations, “DJI To Offer ‘Bug Bounty’ Rewards For Reporting Software Issues” (August 28, 2017), available at https://www.dji.com/newsroom/news/dji-to-offer-bug-bounty-rewards-for-reportingsoftware-issues.
FBI, “Sixteen Individuals Arrested in the United States for Alleged Roles in Cyber Attacks” (July 19, 2011), available at http://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/sixteen-individuals-arrested-in-the-united-statesfor-alleged-roles-in-cyber-attacks (last accessed November 10, 2011). “Member of Hacking Group LulzSec Arrested for June 2011 Intrusion of Sony Pictures Computer Systems” (September 22, 2011), available at http://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press-releases/2011/member-of-hacking-group-lulzsec-arrested-for-june-2011-intrusion-of-sony-picturescomputer-systems (last accessed October 20, 2011). “Two Men Charged in New Jersey with Hacking AT&T’s Servers” (January 18, 2011), available at http://www.fbi.gov/newark/pressreleases/2011/nk011811.htm (last accessed November 11, 2011). “Second Member of Hacking Group Sentenced to More Than a Year in Prison for Stealing Customer Information from Sony Pictures Computers” (FBI press release, August 8, 2013), available at https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/losangeles/press-releases/2013/secondmember-of-hacking-group-sentenced-to-more-than-a-year-in-prisonfor-stealing-customer-information-from-sony-pictures-computers.
Sopho, “Sopho Assists Computer Crime Unit in Bringing Botnet Master to Justice” (June 12, 2008), available at http://www.sophos.com/pressoffice/news/articles/2008/06/bentley-imprisoned.html.
US Attorney’s Office, Northern District of California, “Thirteen Defendants Plead Guilty For December 2010 Cyber-Attack Against PayPal” (December 6, 2013), available athttp://www.justice.gov/usao/can/news/2013/2013_12_06_thirteen.guiltyplea.press.html.
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Magazine and Newspaper Articles

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Aegerter, G., “13 Alleged Members of Anonymous Hacking Group indicted, accused of Participating in Operation Payback,” NBC News, November 3, 2015, available at https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/13allegedmembers-anonymous-hacking-group-indicted-accused-participatingoperation-flna8C11332039.
Alizar, A., “AOSP Browser SOP,” Xakep, September 18, 2014, available at http://xakep.ru/news/aosp-browser-sop/.
Allen, J., “Ethical hacker points out security concerns with using home baby monitors,” 7News Denver, January 28, 2015, available at http://www. thedenverchannel.com/news/local-news/ethical-hacker-points-outsecurity-concerns-with-using-home-baby-monitors01282015.
Anderson, N., “Vint Cerf: one quarter of all computers part of a botnet,” Ars Technica, January 26, 2007, available at http://www.arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070125-8707.html. (last accessed May 31, 2011).
Andy, ‘Sports Streamers, Indexes and Broadcast Tools Hit By DDoS Attacks’,Torrent Freak, June 11, 2013, available at https://torrentfreak.com/sportsstreamers-indexes-and-broadcast-tools-hit-by-ddos-attacks-130611/.
AnonWatcher, “GCHQ Hacked. North Korea Claimed,” AnonHQ, January 3, 2015, available at http://anonhq.com/gchq-hacked-north-korea-claimed/.
Arthur, C., “Alleged LulzSec hacker of Sony Pictures faces trial data in December,” Guardian, October 18, 2011, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/oct/18/lulzsec-alleged-recursion-hacker-trial. “Hacking Group Claiming to be LulzSec Targets US Military Dating Website,” Guardian, March 28, 2012, available at http://www.guardian. co.uk/technology/2012/mar/28/hacking-group-lulzsec-dating-website. *“LulzSec Hacker Arrested Over Sony Attack,” *Guardian, August 29, 2012, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/aug/29/ lulzsec-hacker-arrest-sony-attack. “Microsoft and Symantec Take Out Botnet Responsible for More Than $1m of Fraud,” *Guardian, February 7, 2013, available at http:// www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2013/feb/07/microsoft-symantecbotnet-fraud-pcs.
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Australian (The), “‘Anonymous’ hackers hit Visa, Mastercard and Sarah Palin in WikiLeaks revenge,” December 9, 2010, available at http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/wikileaks/anonymous-hackers-hit-visamastercard-in-wikileaks-revenge/story-fn775xjq-1225968083650 (last accessed December 10, 2010).
Bajak, F., “Anonymous Hackers Claim They Were Infiltrated,” Bellingham Herald, February 29, 2012, available at http://bellinghamherald.com/2012/02/29/2415830/anonymous-hackers-claim-they-were.html.
Baker, K., “Anonymous outs members of alleged Steubenville High School ‘Rape Crew,’” Jezebel, December 24, 2012, available at http://jezebel.com/5970975/anonymous-outs-members-of-alleged-steubenville-highschool-rape-crew. *“Hacking group Anonymous to target paedophiles using the ‘dark web’ to carry out child abuse,” Daily Mail, January 25, 2015, available at http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2924864/Hacking-groupAnonymous-target-paedophiles.html.
Ball, J., “WikiLeaks Publishes Stratfor Emails Linked to Anonymous Attack,” Guardian, February 27, 2012, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/ media/2012/feb/27/wikileaks-publishes-stratfor-emails-anonymous.
Baloch, F., “Online Security: Pakistani helps Google avoid privacy disaster,” Express Tribune, September 20, 2014, available at http://tribune. com.pk/story/764713/online-security-pakistani-helps-google-avoidprivacy-disaster/.
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Barakat, A., and Khattab, S. “A Comparative Study of Traditional Botnets Versus Super-Botnet,” in INFOSEC 2010.
Bastone, W., and Goldberg, A., “Autistic Hacker Helped FBI Nail Anonymous Boss,” The Smoking Gun, May 13, 2014, available at http://www.the smokinggun.com/documents/eekdacat-and-the-fbi-576432 (last accessed March 11, 2014).
Bates, D., “Anonymous threaten to unmask boys who ‘drove 17-year-old girl to hang herself after they gang raped her and put photo on web,’” Daily Mail, April 11, 2013, available at http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2307266/Rehtaeh-Parsons-gang-rape-Anonymous-threatenunmask-boys-drove-girl-hang-herself.html.
Batty, D., “Hacking suspect Ryan Cleary suffers from Autism, Court told,” Guardian, June 26, 2011, available at http://www.theguardian.com/ technology/2011/jun/25/hacker-ryan-cleary-diagnosed-autism (last accessed March 11, 2015).
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Bray, H., “Rapid7 of Boston warns of Android flaw,” Boston Globe, September 15, 2014, available at http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/09/15/rapid-boston-finds-android-flaw/JJ9iHJB6YTcs10a7O9TjpN/story.html.
Brewster, T., “Anonymous Strikes Downing Street and Ministry of Justice,” Tech Week Europe, April 10, 2012, available at http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/anonymous-government-downing-street-moj-71979. “Widespread Android Vulnerability ‘A Privacy Disaster’, Claim Researchers,” *Forbes, September 16, 2014, available at http://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2014/09/16/widespread-androidvulnerability-a-privacy-disaster-claim-researchers/.
Bright, P., “Android Browser flaw a ‘privacy disaster’ for half of Android users,” Ars Technica, September 17, 2014, available at http://arstechnica.com/security/2014/09/android-browser-flaw-a-privacydisaster-for-half-of-android-users/.
Broad, W., Markoff, J., and Sander, D., “Israeli Test Worm Called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay,” New York Times, January 15, 2011, A1.
Broersma, M., “Hacker Pleads Guilty to Abortion Website Attack,” Tech Week Europe, March 12, 2012, available at http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/hacker-pleads-guilty-to-abortion-website-attack-66295. “Anonymous Claims Home Office Website Takedown,” *Tech Week Europe, April 8, 2012, available at http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/anonymous-home-office-ddos-71886.
Brown, B., “A sinister cyber-surveillance scheme exposed,” Guardian, June 23, 2011, available at https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/jun/22/hacking-anonymous.
Builder, “Metasploit: Major Android Bug is a Privacy Disaster (CVE-2014- 6041),”* LinusTechTips*, September 15, 2014, available at http://linustechtips.com/main/topic/216087-metasploit-major-android-bug-is-a-privacydisaster-cve-2014-6041/.
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Camber, R., Collins, L., and Fernandez, C., “British teenager charged over cyber attack on CIA as pirate group takes revenge on ‘snitches who framed him’,” Daily Mail UK, June 22, 2011, available at http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2006118/Ryan-Cleary-charged-cyberattack-CIA-LulzSec-takes-revenge.html (last accessed November 10, 2011).
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Comlay, E., “Hackers target Mexico government websites,” Reuters, September 15, 2011, available at http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/15/us-mexico-hackers-idUSTRE78E7AC20110915 (last accessed September 18, 2011).
Constantin, L., “Sony Pictures Russian Website Compromised,” Softpedia, June 6, 2011, available at http://news.softpedia.com/news/Sony-PicturesRussian-Website-Compromised-204563.shtml. “AntiSec Hackers Hit 77 Law Enforcement Websites,” *Softpedia, August 1, 2011, available at http://news.softpedia.com/news/AntiSecHackers-Hit-77-Law-Enforcement-Websites-214555.shtml. “U.K. spy agency attacked hacktivist groups,” *Computer World, February 5, 2014, available at http://www.computerworld.com/article/2487354/cybercrime-hacking/u-k–spy-agency-attacked-hacktivistgroups.html. “Many Android devices vulnerable to session hijacking through the default browser,” *Computer World, September 16, 2014, available at http://www.computerworld.com/article/2684059/many-android-devicesvulnerable-to-session-hijacking-through-the-default-browser.html.
Couts, A., “Citibank hacked, more than 200,000 bank customers at risk,” Digital Trends, June 9, 2011, available at http://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/citibank-hacked-more-than-200000-bank-customers-at-risk/. “Hackers leak Citigroup CEO’s personal data after Occupy Wall Street arrests,” *Digital Trends, August 18, 2011, available at http://www.digi taltrends.com/computing/hackers-leak-citigroup-ceos-personal-dataafter-occupy-wall-street-arrests/.
Coyne, A., “How the AFP nabbed an Aussie Anonymous hacker,” It News, March 20, 2017, available at https://www.itnews.com.au/news/how-the-afp-nabbed-an-aussie-anonymous-hacker-455142.
Currie, R., “Japanese Cyber Security Minister doesn’t’ know what USB Stick is,” The Register, November 25, 2018, available at https://www. theregister.co.uk/2018/11/15/japanese_cyber_security_minister_doesnt_know_what_a_usb_stick_is/.
Curtis, S., “China Implicated in Hack of French G20 Files,” Tech Week Europe, March 7, 2011, available at http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/china-implicated-in-hack-of-french-g20-files-23062.
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Online Videos and Podcasts

“Activists deface Syrian official websites” (Al Jazeera English, September 26, 2011), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qX30M6gakQ4.
“Anonymous—A Message to Congress on SOPA you will not infringe on our rights” (November 18, 2011), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rbyk0h3yeg.
“Anonymous—Antisec—OP PayPal” (July 27, 2011), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aa-h0HHp908.
“Anonymous attack on MasterCard, discussed on 4 News” (December 8, 2010), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4HKk5yB8fU.
“Anonymous Hacks Westboro Baptist Church During LIVE” (February 24, 2011), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZJwSjor4hM.
“Anonymous Members Allegedly Unmasked, Involved in Westboro Baptist Church Hacking Incident” (June 21, 2011), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBExfh1oZCs.
“Anonymous Message to the Australian Government” (February 14, 2010), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yK1nsGFsvbo.
“Anonymous Message to the Oakland Police Department and City of Oakland” (January 31, 2012), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzDuSaf55ek.
“Anonymous—Operation Brotherhood Shutdown” (November 7, 2011), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnPTBLbazAo.
“Anonymous Operation Last Resort Video” (January 26, 2013), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WaPni5O2YyI.
Anonymous—Operation Syria (September 12, 2011), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGfF1ixk7S0.
“Anonymous—The Aftermath of Operation Brotherhood Shutdown” (November 12, 2011), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBe9co3l9wI&feature=related.
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“An open letter from Anonymous to the Government of Israel” (November 4, 2011), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNxi2lV0UM0.
“Chinese Regime Suspected in Lockheed Martin Hacking” (NTDTV, June 7, 2011), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OXO0xgN1TU. *“DHS Thought Crime Tech, PBS and Lockheed Hacked, West in Libya” (May 31, 2011), available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rvw03tGwy74. *“EDF Hacking into Greenpeace” (November 10, 2011), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-70sjmTJlsQ.
Edry, R., “Israel and Iran: A Love Story?” TED Talks, December 2012, available at https://www.ted.com/speakers/ronny_edry. *“German hackers discover government spying” (Al Jazeera English, October 25, 2011), available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIwa_jvbDQ.
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Appendix: Interview Questions

Question 1: Has there been an erosion of a common hacker ethos or has the ethos merely evolved into many different sets of ethics?

Question 2: In your experience with hackers, does the law offer a deterrent?

Question 3: Based on your experience interviewing hackers, what are their perceptions of the illegality of their activity?

**Question 4: **What types of hacking activity would you consider“ethical”?

Question 5: Should ethical hacking be exempt from cybercrime provisions, and if so what kinds of ethical hacking?

Question 6: Do you equate some forms of ethical hacking as the electronic equivalent of civil disobedience (sit-ins, protests) and if so, should the current civil disobedience framework apply to the online setting?

**Question 7: **Is there a need for security research exemption in cybercrime provisions (unauthorised access)?

Question 8: Is there a need for a public interest exemption in cybercrime provisions (unauthorised access)?

Question 9: Is there any advice in general that you wish to impart to those engaged in ethical hacking?

Question 10: Is there any advice in general that you wish to impart to governments and organisations in dealing with ethical hacking?

About the Cover Image and the Artist

Serendipity brought scholarly publishing and cutting-edge art production together when we discovered the work of Phillip David Stearns.

A Brooklyn-based artist, Stearns has worked at the crossroads of technology and creativity, developing, among others, a project entitled Glitch Textiles, which explored the intersection of digital art and textile design.

A search for an original visual translation of the hidden digital world inhabited by hackers led us to Fragmented Memory: a work of art in which data, software and—stunningly—jacquard woven cotton merge into “hypothetical forms of portraiture,” to cite the artist.

“Since 2012,” Stearns said, “if anything, I’ve been seduced by the aesthetics of the algorithm.” With the author Alana Maurushat being a self-described ethical hacker and the artist developing a series of“Ethical Hacking workshops for non-technical people,” Fragmented Memory seemed to us the only possible cover image for this volume.

Law, Technology and Media

Edited by Michael Geist

The Law, Technology and Media series explores emerging technology law issues with an emphasis on a Canadian perspective. It is the first University of Ottawa Press series to be fully published under an open access licence.

Previous titles in this collection Derek McKee, Finn Makela, and Teresa Scassa (eds.), Law and the“Sharing Economy”: Regulating Online Market Platforms, 2018.

Karim Benyekhlef, Jane Bailey, Jacquelyn Burkell, and Fabien Gélinas (eds.), eAccess to Justice, 2016.

Jane Bailey, and Valerie Steeves (eds.), eGirls, eCitizens, 2015.

Michael Geist (ed.),* Law, Privacy and Surveillance In Canada in the PostSnowden Era, 2015.*

Michael Geist (ed.),* The Copyright Pentalogy: How the Supreme Court of Canada Shook the Foundations of Canadian Copyright Law, 2013.*

How will governments and courts protect civil liberties in this new era of hacktivism? Ethical Hacking discusses the attendant moral and legal issues. The first part of the 21st century will likely go down in history as the era when ethical hackers opened governments and the line of transparency moved by force. One need only read the motto“we open governments” on the Twitter page for Wikileaks to gain a sense of the sea change that has occurred.
Ethical hacking is the non-violent use of a technology in pursuit of a cause—political or otherwise—which is often legally and morally ambiguous. Hacktivists believe in two general but spirited principles: respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression and personal privacy; and the responsibility of government to be open, transparent and fully accountable to the public.
How courts and governments will deal with hacking attempts which operate in a grey zone of the law and where diferent ethical views collide remains to be seen. What is undisputed is that Ethical Hacking presents a fundamental discussion of key societal questions.

“Many ethical hacking incidents are closely tied to the protection of human rights and the promotion of an open, transparent democracy.”

Alana Maurushat is Professor of Cybersecurity and Behaviour at Western Syndney University. She is also on the Board of Directors for the cybercrime investigation firm IFW Global.